Development of Envelope Curves for Predicting Void Dimensions from Overturned Trees

To evaluate the potential influence of a tree on embankment stability, it is necessary to estimate the void that will occur in the embankment if the root system were to fail from storm loads. Currently, there is no published scientific literature focusing solely on this issue from an engineering perspective. This study reviewed existing research regarding windthrow pit dimensions for the purpose of developing a data set to estimate void dimensions. Twelve studies from which data regarding void dimensions could be obtained were found, resulting in a total of 676 data points. From these data, relationships that predict windthrow pit diameter and depth as a function of tree diameter were developed.