Kriging And Visualization: A New Integrated Approach Helps Us See Into the Earth

Earth" forms the basis for more than 150 branches of science and engineering. Its continuous evolution over centuries has led to developments with respect to society and infrastructure. While Earth is the epitome of many regional and global topics, including climate change, frontiers, food, and energy, the notion of "Earth" is elusive and largely depends on the context. For geotechnical engineers, the word Earth refers to soils, rocks, and their spatial-temporal depositions, strength-deformation behavior, backfill material, and the vulnerability of the earth to geohazards. Significant technological advancements have led to strides in geotechnical testing tools, computational procedures, and machine learning for geotechnical stability analysis. However, the accuracy of geotechnical site characterization is still a challenging problem for engineers. Over the last two decades, the incorporation of spatial variability topics, especially the kriging technique in geotechnical engineering, has led to advancements in geotechnical site characterization.